To have – verbo auxiliar
¿Qué son los verbos auxiliares? Verbos auxiliares son verbos de ‘ayuda’ que se dividen en dos categorías principales: 1) auxiliares principales, que son be, have, y doy 2) los auxiliares modales, que son: can, could, may, might, will, shall, must, would, should, ought to, need to y dare to.
Construcción
- Forma base = have
- Forma presente = have/has
- Forma pasada = had
- Participio presente = having
- Participio pasado = had
Se usa para hacer todas las formas del tiempo perfecto. Los tiempos perfectos son:
Elpresente perfecto
(Have/has + participio pasado).
- She has been to my house.
- I haven’t seen them for years.
- James has left for his vacation.
Elpasado perfecto
(Had + participio pasado).
- Jack had left when you arrived yesterday.
- Had she taken everything with her?
- We had been stuck in traffic for three hours.
Elpresente perfecto continuo
(Have/has + been + verbo + –ing).
- He’s been speaking on the phone too long…
- How long has she been living in Sydney, Australia for?
- I’ve been speaking Chinese today.
Elpasado perfecto continuo
(Had + been + verbo + –ing).
- Steven had been eating.
- Had they been talking last night?
- My friends at college had been behaving stupidly.
Elfuturo perfecto
(Will/shall + have + participio pasado).
- My uncle shall have arrived by nine o’clock.
- They won’t have spoken to me at all.
- When arrive at the city centre we’ll have runout of petrol.
Elfuturo perfecto continuo
(Will/shall + have + been + verbo + –ing).
- Will we have been walking for eight hours by the time we get there?
- Susan shall have been living in India for three years by this July.
- She’ll have been speaking for the whole morning.
Se usa para mostrar posesión de objetos, relaciones, estados etc.
- I have a good relationship with him.
- She has a new motorbike.
- He has a girlfriend.
Se usa para hablar sobre las experiencias y acciones
- I am having a really nice time.
- She has lots of things to do.
- We’re having a party tonight.
Se usa con ‘to + el infinitivo’ para expresar una obligación
- They have to clean the whole apartment.
- Jordan has to learn about mathematics and physics.
- We still have to learn a lot.
- I have to do my homework.
¿»Have» o «have got»?
«Have» + «got» es una manera informal. Nótese que: no usamos ‘do’ en preguntas y negaciones con ‘got’, el pretérito simple y participio de ‘get’.
- Jenny has gota nice laptop.
- This week, I‘ve gota doctor’s appointment.
- I‘ve got my act together.
- We have got too many old books.
Nótese que, normalmente no solemos usar ‘got’ (el pasado de ‘get’) en el pasado
Por ejemplo, sería incorrecto decir ‘Did you get good results last week?’ Sería mejor decir; ‘Did you have good results last week?’
Para hacer preguntas con el verbo ‘to have’, es correcto usar tanto ‘do’ (+ sujeto) + have o la otra forma ‘have (+sujeto) + got’. La connotación de la forma elegida puede, no obstante, cambiar con el dialecto. Tradicionalmente, en el inglés británico la forma ‘do have’ implica lo habitual y repetición, mientras que las otras significados usan la forma ‘have got’.
Por ejemplo
- Doyouhavea car? / Have you got a car?
- Does she have a nice bag? /Has she got a nice bag?
Mientras que en el inglés americano, solo la forma ‘do have’ se usa en ambos significados. No obstante, en el inglés británico actual, se usa cada vez más a menudo ‘do have’ a causa de la gran influencia del inglés americano.